Exposure to long-wavelength red light significantly reduced blood clot formation in both mice and human studies. Red light was associated with lower inflammation, reduced immune system activation, and fewer clot-promoting mechanisms, such as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and platelet activation.

A light or superficial chemical peel is the mildest form of chemical exfoliation, targeting the epidermis by removing part or all of its outer layers. This process triggers inflammation, stimulating the production of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, which help improve skin texture and elasticity. Most patients can resume normal activities immediately after the procedure.

Exfoliating scrubs address dull and rough skin texture by mechanically removing dead skin cells through physical abrasion with granular particles. This process not only sloughs off surface debris but also stimulates blood circulation, enhancing skin nourishment. As dead skin cells are cleared away, cellular turnover is boosted, promoting fresher, newer skin cells to surface. The result is smoother, brighter skin with an improved overall texture and radiance.

A professional microdermabrasion treatment effectively removes the top layers of dead skin cells, temporarily eliminating the skin's protective barrier. There are two primary types of microdermabrasion systems: crystal and diamond-head.

An ultrasonic skin scrubber is a water-based exfoliation method that utilizes ultrasonic sound waves, typically vibrating between 28,000 and 30,000 times per second, to deeply cleanse and exfoliate the skin. During the treatment, the skin is kept wet, allowing the ultrasonic waves to interact with the water molecules. This process, known as micronization, pulverizes the water molecules, creating a soft peeling effect. The metal spatula of the scrubber gently glides over the skin, dislodging and lifting away dead skin cells, excess oil, and debris, leaving the skin clearer, smoother, and more receptive to skincare products.

Botox injections utilize a purified toxin to temporarily block muscle activity. These injections are widely used to smooth facial wrinkles and lines but also have medical applications, such as treating neck spasms, excessive sweating, overactive bladder, lazy eye, and even preventing migraines.

Broadband Light (BBL) therapy is an advanced form of intense pulsed light treatment that utilizes two flashlamps to deliver a broad spectrum of light energy into specific layers of the skin. The targeted pulses of light are absorbed by chromophores—concentrated areas of pigment or color in the skin. This absorbed light converts to heat, effectively damaging the chromophores while contracting collagen fibers and stimulating new collagen production.

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid derived from grains such as wheat, barley, and rye, though the azelaic acid used in skincare products is typically synthesized for purity and consistency. While it is neither an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) nor a beta-hydroxy acid (BHA), azelaic acid provides mild exfoliation that supports cell turnover. This gentle action makes it suitable for sensitive skin types. Additionally, azelaic acid offers unique benefits beyond those of AHAs and BHAs, such as targeting uneven skin tone, reducing redness, and helping to clear acne without causing significant irritation.

Dermaplaning is a professional exfoliation technique that uses a surgical-grade scalpel to gently remove dead skin cells and fine facial hair. During the treatment, the provider holds the scalpel at a precise angle, allowing it to glide across the skin and exfoliate the top layers, leaving the complexion smooth and luminous. This method is particularly suitable for sensitive skin or individuals with conditions, such as pregnancy, that might make exfoliating acids unsuitable.

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) is highly effective for treating various skin concerns, including unwanted pigmentation and discoloration. However, visible spots on the skin can sometimes indicate abnormal cell growth beneath the surface.